Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Background Semiquantitative scales correlate histopathologic findings in the walls of human aneurysms with rupture status.
Objective To apply a semiquantitative scale to the rabbit elastase-induced aneurysm model to determine whether rabbit histologic types mimic the full range of histologic subtypes of humans.
Materials and methods Twenty-seven elastase-induced female rabbit aneurysms were studied, harvested at 2 weeks (n=5) and 12 weeks (n=22). Paraffin-embedded sections received hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed for α-smooth muscle actin and CD31 for endothelial cells. A semiquantitative scale was used for scoring based on human aneurysm tissue, divided into four subtypes according to cellular and extracellular matrix findings: type A, linear organized smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and intact endothelium; type B, thickened wall with disorganized, proliferating SMCs; type C, thick, collagenized and hypocellular wall with or without organizing thrombosis, and type D, extremely thin, hypocellular wall. Separate scoring was performed of the aneurysm neck and proximal and distal zones.
Results Findings compatible with all subtypes of human aneurysm tissue were identified. Types A and C were found in 13 (48%) and 11 (41%) of 27 aneurysms and in the proximal and distal wall at both time points. Type B was found in 16 aneurysms (59%), exclusively at the neck at both time points; type D, in 14 aneurysms (52%), exclusively at proximal and distal zones of 12-week aneurysms.
Conclusions The wall of elastase-induced rabbit aneurysm demonstrates histologic findings similar to the four categories of human cerebral aneurysms based on cellular and extracellular wall content.
- Intracranial aneurysms
- animal model
- histological subtypes
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Introduction
The elastase-induced rabbit aneurysm has been widely used to test new generations of devices1–7 and to study the hemodynamic milieu of saccular aneurysms.8–12 Previous studies12–14 showed that this model has geometry similar to that of human cerebral aneurysms and has tissue response similar to humans, following platinum coil embolization.13 However, few previous reports have directly compared rabbit and human histologic factors.
Multiple previous studies have given details of histopathologic findings in human aneurysms, many focused on correlating these findings with rupture status. Frösen et al 15 analyzed and characterized the cellular milieu in 66 human saccular cerebral aneurysms. Using a four-point categorical scale, they showed that certain types of histologic findings in human aneurysms were associated with rupture status. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the detailed histopathologic evaluations in 27 elastase-induced aneurysms in rabbits and compared these findings with human cerebral aneurysms as detailed by Frösen et al.15 16 We aimed to determine whether rabbit histologic characteristics mimic the full range of the findings in humans.
Materials and methods
Aneurysm samples
Twenty-seven elastase-induced female rabbit aneurysms were used for this retrospective study. The aneurysm creation procedure has been described previously.17 All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at our organization. After the animals were euthanized, aneurysm samples were harvested at 2 weeks (n=5) and 12 weeks (n=22). The 27 harvested samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and underwent regular tissue processing, embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were sectioned at 4 µm in a coronal orientation, permitting long-axis sectioning of the aneurysm dome, neck, and parent arteries.
Histologic analysis and immunohistochemistry
For standard histologic evaluation, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Verhoeff van Gieson. For immunohistochemistry, sections were prepared as previously described.18 Briefly, sections were pretreated with 0.1 mol/L citric acid buffer and microwaved for 15 min. They were incubated in hydrogen peroxide (0.3% in distilled water; 20 min), followed by incubation with normal 5% horse serum (20 min; 37°C), and then with primary antibody (α-smooth muscle actin, Dako; CD31, Dako) at 37°C for 1 hour. Next, they were incubated with primary antibody at 4°C overnight. Slides were rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with biotinylated secondary horse antimouse immunoglobulin G (Vector Laboratories). Sections were rinsed in PBS and incubated with Vectastain Elite ABC Reagent (Vector Laboratories) for 45 min at 37°C. Finally, slides were developed with diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochloride (Vector Laboratories). Negative controls were performed with non-immune, normal serum versus the primary antibody.
Histologic subtyping
Two trained pathologists (SW and DD) with more than 10 years’ experience interpreted the stained sections and classified the aneurysm wall structure. This wall was compared with human aneurysm wall and the classification reported by Frösen et al.15 16 We segregated the investigated aneurysmal wall into three regions: neck area at and near the interface between parent artery and aneurysm wall; proximal wall, defined as the wall along the aneurysm’s proximal aspect; and distal wall, defined as the wall along the aneurysm’s distal aspect. Scoring was performed using a semiquantitative scale and four distinct subtypes based on cellular and extracellular matrix findings. Subtypes were A, endothelialized wall with linearly organized smooth muscle cells (SMCs); B, thickened wall with disorganized SMCs; C, thick, collagenized and hypocellular wall with or without organizing thrombosis; and D, extremely thin, hypocellular wall. A single aneurysm region (neck and proximal and distal walls) may manifest multiple subtypes.
Results
Conventional histopathologic and immunohistochemistry findings
At 2 weeks, the elastic lamina was completely or almost completely degraded within the aneurysmal walls. Distribution of endothelial cells was variable across the sac. In some regions, endothelial coverage was discontinuous or completely absent, whereas other areas appeared normal. A thickened wall with proliferating smooth muscle-like cells or neointimal hyperplasia was observed in large regions of the wall for all aneurysms at this time. Neointimal hyperplasia was found primarily at the transition zone from the parent artery to the proximal part of the aneurysm wall. While some regions were hypocellular, the wall was not thin. Acute inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in one of five aneurysms; inflammatory cells were absent in the other four aneurysms.
At 12 weeks, the elastic lamina was completely degraded in all specimens. Although the neck region still appeared thickened with a proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells, the remainder of the sac was largely replaced with collagenized tissue, devoid of cellular elements. α-Smooth muscle actin-positive cells were barely detected. No inflammatory infiltrate was found within the aneurysmal walls at this time. A laminated, organized thrombus was found at the apices of the aneurysm dome in two of the 23 samples.
Histologic subtypes
Findings compatible with all four subtypes of human aneurysm tissue were identified (figure 1). Overall, types A and C were found in 13 (48%) and 11 (41%) of 27 aneurysms and were present in the proximal and distal walls at both time points (figure 2). Type B was found in 16 aneurysms (59%), exclusively at the neck at both time points. Type D was found in 14 aneurysms (52%), exclusively at the proximal and distal walls of 12-week subjects.
Representative Images of the four subtypes of human intracranial aneurysms identified in the rabbit model (first column: HE, hematoxylin & eosin (H&E); middle column: immunohistochemistry (IHC) for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA); right column: IHC for CD31; original magnification 200× for all photos). (A) Type A: linear organized smooth muscle cell (SMC) and intact endothelium; the lumen side of the wall is still lined with CD31 positive cells. (B) Type B: thickened wall with disorganized, proliferating SMC positive cells; the wall lacks CD31 positive cells coverage. (C) Type C: thick, collagenized, hypocellular wall with/without CD31 positive cells coverage. (D) Type D: extremely thin and decellularized wall. (E) Normal right common carotid artery wall of rabbit. The media of the wall is composed of 11–12 layers of well-organized SMA positive cells, and it is lined with intact CD31 positive cells.
Rabbit aneurysm sacs that display each human aneurysm wall subtype by sac region. (A) At 2-week follow-up. (B) At 12-week follow-up.
In figure 3, distribution of wall types within the neck and sac is considered for the two time points. By 2 weeks, the neck was solely type B and was unchanged at 12 weeks. In contrast, the sac was heterogeneous at both time points and displayed a shifting wall type from more than 80% of types A and B at 2 weeks to more than 70% of types C and D at 12 weeks.
Percentages of aneurysm wall subtypes at 2- and 12-week follow-up by neck and sac region.
Discussion
This study demonstrates that categories of histologic change seen in human aneurysm tissue are mimicked in the elastase-induced aneurysm model in rabbits. Each of the four primary categories described by Frösen et al 15 16 was seen in the rabbit samples. We noted substantial variation in subtypes according to the region of the aneurysm wall and also over time. Types A, B, and C were present at both time points. These three types are associated with relatively lower rates of rupture at presentation than type D in clinical specimens. The neck region exclusively had type B, characterized by neointima hyperplasia. Of note, type D—universally associated with rupture in clinical specimens—was seen in the vast majority of rabbit samples at 12 weeks but was absent in the 2-week samples.
Lack of an intact elastic lamina is a common finding for human cerebral aneurysms.15 19–21 Consistent with these results, the rabbit model shows disruption or some loss of elastic lamina at 2 weeks and complete loss at 12 weeks. Loss of endothelium, reported in 50% of human intracranial aneurysms15 and believed to be important in aneurysm wall degeneration,15 was found in the rabbit wall types.
Although wall heterogeneity was not the focus of their work, Frösen et al 15 noted that several aneurysm walls showed gradual change from type A or B to type C or D, mostly in the direction of neck to fundus. Obtaining entire human aneurysm sacs for analysis is difficult, yet Tulamo et al 22 reported one case where they found a progressive change from type B (neck) to type C to type D. These findings are consistent with our 12-week results that showed progression of type B at the neck largely to types C and D in the proximal and distal walls.
Previous studies have noted histologic changes in the rabbit elastase-induced model.23 24 Compatible with our current findings, the prior studies noted thin, hypocellular aneurysm walls. This study extends previous studies by using a categorical scale based on categories of human aneurysm specimens shown to correlate with the proportion of ruptured versus unruptured status at presentation.15
The rabbit model offers some advantages over clinical tissue. The entire aneurysm sac can be evaluated in rabbits whereas human tissue, when excised during aneurysm surgery, usually consists of small segments of the aneurysm dome. Further, the rabbit model can be used to explore progression of the aneurysm wall at multiple time points. Frösen et al 15 conjectured that the histologic wall types identified for humans reflect progressive wall degeneration. This conjecture, which cannot be studied directly in human patients, is supported by the changes seen in the rabbit model. Herein, we describe a progressive shift from a wall dominated by types A and B at 2 weeks to predominantly types C and D at 12 weeks. Progressive changes in the aneurysm wall are the focus of ongoing investigation using the rabbit model.25 Together, these findings suggest that the rabbit model might be useful for testing systemic or local therapies aimed at modulating histologic progression to subtypes associated with rupture.
The pathophysiology of human intracranial aneurysms is complex and is related to genetic background and previous disease history, such as hypertension, cholesterol deposit, wall inflammation, and lifestyle—for example, smoking.26–28 On the contrary, the elastase-induced rabbit model reported in this study does not have these factors mentioned above, which is a limitation of all animal models including the one used here. However, our previous studies demonstrated that the elastase-induced saccular aneurysm in rabbit is similar to human intracranial saccular aneurysms geometrically and hemodynamically for a number of reasons, including (1) location along a curved vessel with anatomy that simulates human aneurysms such as those in the ophthalmic region14; (2) aneurysm size similar to the mean size of human cerebral aneurysms29; (3) long-term patency30; (4) shares some molecular features with human intracranial aneurysms31; (5) hemodynamic and geometric features are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen in large numbers of human cerebral aneurysms.12 In addition, the healing process in the rabbit model after embolization with platinum coils mimics the healing seen in human aneurysms.13 Because the aneurysm model does not undergo spontaneous rupture, we are limited to analyses of changes over time rather than correlating findings with rupture risk. Further, lack of full knowledge of the location of human aneurysm tissue relative to the aneurysm neck versus dome limits direct comparison between the two species. Organizing thrombus was reported in the lumen of 21% of unruptured and 60% of ruptured aneurysms.15 However, it was identified only in the dome of some of the rabbit aneurysms. Finally, because the apex of the rabbit aneurysm dome consists of organizing thrombus, based on the mode of construction with distal ligation, we are unable to evaluate histologic changes high in the aneurysm cavity.
Conclusions
The wall of the elastase-induced rabbit aneurysm model reproduces the histologic categories found in human aneurysms and offers an opportunity for studying progressive changes in the aneurysm wall.
References
Footnotes
Contributors Y-HD contributed to the aneurysm model creation. SW, DD, and PKP contributed to tissue processing, slides staining, interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript. RK, AMR, and DFK contributed to the conception and design of the study and to revision of the article critically for important intellectual content.
Funding This study was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health under grants R01NS076491, R01NS042646, and R21NS088256. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement All authors have read the manuscript and have approved its submission. All authors have access to the raw data.