Patient No | Age (decade) | Clinical presentation | CCF type | Subtype | Arterial supply | Venous drainage | CVR? (Y/N) | Foot vein identified on pre-procedure CTA? | Foot vein identified on pre-procedure MRA? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 50s | Diplopia, ptosis, headache | Indirect | D | Bilat ICA/ECA | Right IPS, right IJ | Y | No CTA performed | No (time of flight MRA) |
2 | 40s | Proptosis, diplopia | Indirect | C | Right ECA | Right oph vein, right IJ | Y | No | No MRA performed |
3 | 40s | Proptosis, chemosis | Indirect | D | Right ECA/ICA | Right oph vein, bilat IPS, bilat IJ | Y | No CTA performed | No (time of flight MRA) |
4 | 40s | Pulsatile tinnitus, proptosis | Indirect | D | Bilat. ECA/ICA | Left oph vein, right IPS, right IJ | N | No | No (time of flight MRA) |
5 | 60s | Proptosis | Indirect | D | Bilat ECA/ICA | Left oph vein | N | No CTA performed | No MRA performed |
6 | 40s | Headaches, proptosis, chemosis | Indirect | D | Bilat ECA/ICA | Bilat oph vein, left IPS, left IJ | N | No CTA performed | No MRA performed |
7 | 40s | New CN VI palsy | Indirect | D | Bilat ECA/ICA | Left oph vein, left IPS, left IJ | Y | No CTA performed | No (time of flight MRA) |
8 | 60s | Proptosis | Indirect | B | Left ICA | Bilat oph vein, bilat IPS, bilat IJ | Y | NO | No MRA performed |
Bilat, bilateral; CCF, carotid cavernous fistula; CN, cranial nerve; CTA, CT angiography; CVR, cortical venous reflux; ECA, external carotid artery; ICA, internal carotid artery; IJ, jugular vein; IPS, inferior petrosal sinus; MRA, MR angiography; oph, ophthalmic.