Thematic session
Natural history, epidemiology and screening of unruptured intracranial aneurysmsHistoire naturelle, épidémiologie et dépistage des anévrismes intracrâniens non rompus

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Summary

The prevalence of intracranial aneurysms is 2.3% (95% CI, 1.7–3.1%); most of these aneurysms are small and located in the anterior circulation. Risk factors are age, female gender, smoking, hypertension, excessive use of alcohol, having one or more affected relatives with SAH and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Most studies on risk of rupture have methodological weaknesses; an important flaw is that observed risks are recalculated to yearly risks of rupture, assuming a constant risk of growth and rupture of aneurysms. In reality, it is much more likely that aneurysms have long periods of low risk and short periods of high risk of growth and rupture. The overall risk of rupture found in follow-up studies is around 1% per year. Size is the most important risk factor for rupture, with smaller risks for smaller aneurysms. Other risk factors are the site of the aneurysm (higher risk for posterior circulation aneurysms), age, female gender, population (higher risks in Finland and Japan) and, probably also, smoking. There are no good comparisons between clipping and coiling of unruptured aneurysms. Both treatment modalities have a risk of around 6% of complications leading to death or dependence of help for activities of daily living for aneurysms smaller than 10 mm. These risks increase with larger size of aneurysms. For clipping, the risk seems to increase with age, for coiling this is less apparent. The efficacy of coiling on the long term is unsettled. In deciding whether or not to treat an aneurysm, life expectancy is a pivotal factor; other important factors are the size and the site of the aneurysm. If the aneurysm is left untreated, follow-up imaging may be considered to detect growth of aneurysms, but the frequency and effectiveness of repeated imaging are unknown.

Résumé

La prévalence des anévrismes intracrâniens est de 2,3 % (95 % CI, 1,7–3,1 %) ; ces anévrismes sont le plus souvent de petite taille et localisés au niveau de la circulation antérieure. Les facteurs de risques sont l’âge, le sexe féminin, le tabagisme, l’hypertension artérielle, l’abus d’alcool, les antécédents d’hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne chez un ou plusieurs parents et la polykystose rénale à forme autosomique dominante. Les études publiées sur le risque de rupture des anévrismes intracrâniens comportent le plus souvent des faiblesses méthodologiques ; une limite importante concerne le risque observé qui est recalculé en risque annuel de rupture, laissant supposer un risque constant de croissance et de rupture des anévrismes. En réalité, il est très probable que les anévrismes présentent de longues périodes à faible risque et de courtes périodes à haut risque de croissance et de rupture. Le risque global de rupture observé dans les études de suivi est d’environ 1 % par an. La taille est le facteur le plus important pour la rupture avec un risque plus faible pour les petits anévrismes. Les autres facteurs de risque sont la localisation de l’anévrisme (risque plus élevé pour les anévrismes de la circulation postérieure), l’âge, le sexe féminin, la population (risques supérieurs en Finlande et au Japon) et probablement également le tabagisme. La comparaison entre traitement chirurgical par clip et l’embolisation par coils est difficile. Les deux techniques comportent un risque de complications estimé à environ 6 % pouvant conduire au décès ou à la dépendance vis-à-vis des activités de la vie quotidienne pour les anévrismes de taille inférieure à 10 mm. Ce risque augmente avec la taille de l’anévrisme. Pour le traitement chirurgical par clip, le risque semble augmenter avec l’âge alors que ce facteur est moins apparent pour l’embolisation. L’efficacité à long terme de l’embolisation par coils reste également à définir. Pour la décision de traiter ou de ne pas traiter un anévrisme, l’espérance de vie du patient est certainement le paramètre le plus important ; les autres facteurs importants à prendre en compte sont la taille de l’anévrisme et sa localisation. Si l’anévrisme n’est pas traité, le suivi par imagerie peut être décidé afin d’apprécier la croissance de l’anévrisme, mais la fréquence de réalisation des examens et l’efficacité de l’imagerie répétée restent à définir.

Introduction

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms may give rise to subarachnoid haemorrhage in the near or distant future and sometimes these lesions warrant preventive intervention. However, in many situations uncertainty abounds and in many other situations intervention will probably do more harm than good. It is pivotal to carefully balance the risks and benefits of all treatment options and to take time to counsel the “patient”. If an incidental aneurysm is detected, it is important to refrain from descriptions as “a time bomb in your head” before referring the unfortunate patient to a neuro-interventional centre. For many of these patients no intervention is the best option, but having to live with an untreated aneurysm imposes a threat on quality of life, of which anxiety is an important component and may need managing in its own right [1]. Careful counselling and weighing the pros and cons is even more important when screening for aneurysms is considered. Screenees often have unrealistic risk perceptions [2] and screening for intracranial aneurysms is associated with considerable psychosocial effects, both positive and negative [5].

Section snippets

Prevalence of aneurysms

For adults without specific risk factors for aneurysms, the prevalence is 2.3% (95% CI, 1.7–3.1%); most of these aneurysms are small and located in the anterior circulation [6]. The prevalence of aneurysms is higher in women than in men and tends to increase with increasing age; other risk factors are smoking, hypertension, excessive use of alcohol, having one or more affected relatives with SAH, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and a previous episode of SAH.

Risk of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

In 2003, the international study of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (ISUIA) researchers reported on the largest ever prospectively studied cohort of patients with unruptured aneurysms [7]. The period of follow-up was relatively short (4.1 years), and the rupture risks were much lower than previously appreciated (Table 1).

A strong point of the study is that rupture risk is reported as five years cumulative risks (see below). However, the ISUIA report also has several weaknesses. First, 30% of

Treatment options for unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Neurosurgical clipping and endovascular coiling are not without risks. Those of neurosurgical clipping have been studied most intensively, because this treatment has been available the longest.

In a systematic review of studies on complications of neurosurgical clipping for unruptured aneurysms published between 1966 and 1996 the overall case fatality was 2.6% (95% CI, 2.0–3.3%); permanent morbidity occurred in another 10.9% (95% CI, 9.6–12.2%). Postoperative mortality and morbidity were

Management of patients with unruptured aneurysms

Every time an intracranial aneurysm is a surprise finding on an imaging study performed for another purpose, the risk of preventive clipping or coiling of the aneurysm at that time should be balanced against the risk of death or disability from rupture of the untreated aneurysm at some time later in life, if ruptures at all. Two pivotal factors in this balance of risks are the size and site of the aneurysm, but these factors are not necessarily helpful because both the risk of rupture and the

Screening for intracranial aneurysms

The eventual goal of screening is not to detect or to treat an aneurysm, but to increase the number of quality years of life. Therefore, before intracranial vessels are imaged, the risks and benefits of screening should be weighed up. This balance of risks includes the amount of anxiety before screening, the reassurance that can be given with a negative result, and the anxiety that can be caused by finding an aneurysm – for example, if a 3 mm aneurysm is found and is left untreated but followed

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