Footnotes

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• Contributors All authors have substantially contributed to the conception and design of the study. RAH: contributed to data interpretation, planning, conception and design, manuscript preparation. GMC: contributed to data interpretation, conception and design, manuscript preparation. DKL: contributed to data interpretation, planning, conception and design, manuscript preparation. IS: contributed to data interpretation, planning, conception and design, manuscript preparation. HSC: contributed to data interpretation, planning, conception and design, manuscript preparation.

• Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

• Competing interests RAH is a consultant for Medtronic, Stryker, Cerenovous, Microvention, Balt, Phenox, Rapid Medical, and Q'Apel. He is on the advisory board for MiVI, eLum, Three Rivers, Shape Medical and Corindus. Unrestricted research grant from NIH, Interline Endowment, Microvention, Stryker, CNX. Investor/stockholder for InNeuroCo, Cerebrotech, eLum, Endostream, Three Rivers Medical Inc, Scientia, RisT, BlinkTBI, and Corindus. Unrestricted research grant from NIH, Interline Endowment, Microvention, Stryker, CNX. Investor/stockholder for InNeuroCo, Cerebrotech, eLum, Endostream, Three Rivers Medical Inc, Scientia, RisT, BlinkTBI, and Corindus. GMC has no disclosures to report. DKL is consultant for Medtronic, Stryker, Asahi, Rapid.AI and QApel. Advisory Board: Q’Apel, Siemens, investor/stockholder for Three Rivers, Q’Apel, Vastrax, Synchron, Viz.AI, Methinks, Bendit, eLum, NVI. IS is a consultant and has proctorship agreements with Medtronic and MicroVention Inc. HSC is a consultant and has proctorship agreements with Medtronic and MicroVention Inc. Shareholder of Neuravention, Sychron Inc, Bend It Tech, Sim & Cure and Vesalio LLC.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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