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Abstract
Background The Tigertriever device offers a unique feature that enables gradual control of the radial expansion. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Tigertriever device in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) and underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). The patients were part of the TIGER trial.
Methods The presence of underlying ICAD was determined by a core imaging laboratory using CT angiography and digital subtraction angiography. The primary outcomes included successful reperfusion, puncture to reperfusion time, and complications associated with the use of the Tigertriever device. Patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy with the Tigertriever device for up to three passes, and alternative devices were employed for subsequent passes.
Results A total of 160 patients were enrolled in the TIGER trial, and 32 patients had ICAD. Among the patients with ICAD, 78% achieved successful reperfusion within three passes of the Tigertriever device, without requiring rescue therapy. Additionally, a first pass effect was observed in 46.8%. The median time from puncture to reperfusion was 22 minutes. There were no device-related complications. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at 24 hours was significantly reduced, from an average of 17 at baseline to 8. At the 3 month follow-up, 50% of patients achieved a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2.
Conclusion Endovascular therapy (EVT) with the Tigertriever device for LVO in patients with underlying ICAD is effective and safe. When compared with historical data from other devices employed in similar cases, we observed a high rate of successful reperfusion, along with a shorter puncture to reperfusion time.
- Stroke
- Atherosclerosis
- Thrombectomy
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC
Endovascular treatment of AIS in patients with ICAD is challenging because it is associated with a longer procedure time and higher re-occlusion rates compared with patients without ICAD.
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS
Information about the efficacy and safety of the Tigertriever device in patients with underlying ICAD.
HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY
The Tiger stentriever may be an effective tool to achieve recanalization in patients with large vessel occlusion and underlying ICAD.
Introduction
Endovascular therapy (EVT) with stentrievers has become the gold standard for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO).1–3 However, patient-specific factors can affect the performance and outcomes of stentrievers, such as the presence of underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). ICAD can lead to challenges during EVT, including persistent stenosis after the procedure and the possibility of re-occlusion.4 Assessing the performance of stentrievers specifically in patients with underlying ICAD is crucial for proper device selection and optimizing treatment outcomes.4
The Tigertriever is a unique stentriever that offers the operator the ability to manually control the radial force exerted by the device. This feature sets it apart from other stentrievers available in the market.5 The Tigertriever device has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of AIS.4–6 However, there is little published data about the performance of the Tigertriever device in patients with underlying ICAD. To address this gap in knowledge, we analyzed data from the prospective multicenter TIGER study with the aim of assessing the safety and efficacy of the Tigertriever device in patients presenting with AIS and underlying ICAD.
Methods
Study design and data acquisition
This study is a secondary analysis of the Treatment Intent to Generate Endovascular Reperfusion (TIGER) trial. The study enrolled patients diagnosed with AIS who presented within 8 hours of the last known well time and were eligible for EVT using the Tigertriever device.6 Clinical data, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and post-procedural non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained for each patient at each participating center. All the images were analyzed by an independent core imaging laboratory consisting of blinded readers (described below). These readers assessed image quality, determined the location of occlusion, and evaluated the reperfusion rate for each pass of the Tigertriever device. DSA images were also used to identify any post-procedural complications, such as embolization to a new territory, vessel perforation, or vessel dissection. Additionally, non-contrast CT scans were used to assess post-procedural hemorrhage at 24 hours.
The primary efficacy outcome was successful reperfusion as evaluated by the TIGER trial.6 Successful reperfusion was defined as a modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score2b-3 within three passes exclusively using the Tigertriever device. If the patient required more than three passes, rescue therapy with an ancillary device was allowed. Furthermore, an analysis of the first pass effect in patients with ICAD was conducted. First pass effect was defined as the attainment of successful recanalization (mTICI 2b-3) using only one pass of the Tigertriever device.7 Primary safety outcomes included the rate of 24-hour symptomatic hemorrhage and 90 days of good outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) of <2 points.6 Additionally, a historical review was performed to compare the effectiveness and safety of the Tigertriever with other devices.
ICAD adjudication and analysis
An independent imaging core laboratory performed a secondary analysis of the TIGER trial for adjudication of underlying ICAD in the target vessel. Pre-procedure CT, CT angiography (CTA) images and procedural DSA images were reviewed independently with Horos (Annapolis, MD USA). ICAD was defined if one or more of the following criteria were present: (1) angiographic evidence of tapered-shape occlusion,8–10 (2) presence of arterial calcific lesions on non-contrast head CT and correlated angiographic changes suggestive of underlying atherosclerosis,11 and/or (3) remnant stenosis >70% after mechanical thrombectomy (MT, figure 1 and online supplemental figure 1).11–14 There is a possibility of inducing vasospasm with EVT, which can sometimes be mistaken for ICAD.15 Additional areas of arterial narrowing outside the manipulated vascular territory were evaluated to ensure accurate diagnosis and to differentiate between vasospasm and the presence of underlying ICAD as the cause of arterial narrowing. This approach aimed to provide supporting evidence that the observed stenosis was indeed caused by the presence of an underlying plaque. However, if uncertainty persisted and vasospasm could not be ruled out, the area of arterial narrowing was not attributed to ICAD. Other angiographic features, such as the presence of intracranial carotid artery atherosclerotic changes, presence of multifocal narrowing and/or the presence of leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography strongly favored the diagnosis of ICAD.16 17 Four blinded reviewers (MG, SS, PK, and MA) determined the presence of an underlying plaque or atherosclerotic lesion. In case of discrepancy, a fifth senior reviewer (EAS) adjudicated cases of underlying ICAD. The anteroposterior and lateral projections of DSA images were selected to visualize the entire arterial segment. The best projection was used to obtain pre- and post-thrombectomy measurements of the occlusion site. The proximal parent vessel was also measured to assess changes in vessel caliber after the Tigertriever device was used (online supplemental figure 2).
Supplemental material
Mechanical thrombectomy of a patient with a right middle cerebral artery occlusion due to underlying ICAD. (A) A complete occlusion of the M1 segment of the right middle cerebral artery is observed before thrombectomy (arrowhead). (B) The Tigertriever device is progressively deployed in the occluded vessel. (C) Successful reperfusion, TICI 3 was achieved after the first pass of Tigertriever. Note that there is persistent stenosis at the site of occlusion due to underlying ICAD. (D) Lateral view of the occluded M1 in the same patient. (E) Underlying ICAD (arrowhead) distorts the shape of the device as it is deployed. (F) Persistent stenosis (arrowhead) due to underlying ICAD after successful reperfusion is achieved.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27 (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York, USA). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess normality in each variable. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean±SD, and non-normally distributed variables as median (interquartile range (IQR)). The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare among non-normally distributed variables, whereas Student’s t-test was used for normally distributed variables. The alpha value was set at <0.05.
Results
Patient population
We analyzed images from 160 patients who were included in the TIGER study and who had presented with ischemic strokes. Initially, 68 patients (43%) with images suggesting underlying ICAD were identified. On a more detailed review, 32 (20%) patients were identified with probable underlying ICAD. Twenty-five (15.6%) patients underwent EVT exclusively with Tigertriever. Our analysis focused on the 25 patients with ICAD exclusively treated with Tigertriever, and who did not require any rescue therapy. The mean age of these patients was 60±17.5 years, and 56% were men. The mean baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 17±5 and the mean Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) score was 8±1. Additionally, intravenous tPA was used in 16/25 (64%) and procedural general anesthesia was used in 10/25 (40%) patients.
Procedural and clinical outcomes
Seventy-eight percent of all identified cases of ICAD achieved successful reperfusion (mTICI 2b-3) within the first three passes with the Tigertriever device. The remaining 22% of patients required adjunctive rescue therapy with other ancillary devices due to persistent occlusion. A successful reperfusion was achieved during the first pass in 15/32 (46.8%) of patients. Ninety-six percent (24/25) of the occlusions occurred in the anterior circulation, with the middle cerebral artery being the most common location in 21/25 (84%) of cases (online supplemental table). Baseline thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scores were 0 for 23/25 (92%) of patients and 2a for 2/25 (8%). The median (IQR) time from last known well to puncture was 184 (124.5–261) min, and the median (IQR) time from puncture to reperfusion was 22 (13.5–26.5) min.
Post-thrombectomy, there was a significant increase in the mean diameter of the arterial segment at the site of the occlusion compared with pre-thrombectomy (1.5±0.73 mm vs 1.88±0.67 mm, p<0.01). The diameter of the parent artery proximal to the occlusion did not show a significant change after MT (2.22±0.68 mm vs 2.32±0.64 mm; p=0.34) (figure 2).
Basilar artery occlusion with stenosis of bilateral posterior cerebral arteries. (A) Complete occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and ICAD of the contralateral PCA. (B) The device is radially adjusted and progressively deployed in the right PCA (arrowhead). (C) The Tigertriever device is then advanced and deployed in the left PCA (arrowhead) achieving reperfusion after two passes. (D) Complete reperfusion was achieved with a final TICI score of 3. Additionally, there is increased diameter of bilateral PCAs and the occluded left PCA (arrowhead) after stentplasty with the Tigertriever device.
Patients who achieved successful reperfusion with the Tigertriever device had an NIHSS score of 8±7 at 24 hours post-procedure. Asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage at 24 hours was diagnosed in 4/25 (16%) of patients. Notably, there were no additional complications, such as symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), vessel dissection, or embolism to a new vascular territory. At the 3 month follow-up, 16/25 (64%) of patients achieved an mRS score between 0–2, indicating a good functional outcome. The overall mortality rate at the 3 month follow-up for any cause was 20% (table 1).
Outcomes in ICAD patients treated exclusively with the Tigertriever device
Discussion
Our study aimed to explore the safety and efficacy of utilizing the Tigertriever device in patients with ICAD who experienced an LVO. Thirty-two patients with AIS and underlying ICAD underwent EVT using the Tigertriever device. The Tigertriever device resulted in high rates of successful reperfusion and first pass effect in patients with AIS and underlying ICAD. Additionally, the complication rate was negligible with no sICH, dissection, perforation, or embolism to different vascular territories.
In this sub-analysis of TIGER, the reported rate of underlying ICAD was 20%. A separate prospective registry conducted in China documented a higher incidence of ICAD at 34% among patients with LVO.18 Furthermore, various series have reported similar rates ranging from 10% to 27.9%.13 19–21 These differences in the prevalence of ICAD are likely influenced by variations in the criteria used to identify ICAD, inclusion of different vascular territories, as well as racial and demographic disparities among the cohorts. The primary outcome for analysis of this study, was defined as a final mTICI score of 2b-3, the same outcome used in the TIGER trial.6 The rate of successful reperfusion achieved with Tigertriever was higher (78%) than what has been reported with other MT devices (28–72%).18 22 A comprehensive meta-analysis comprising 17 studies and 1315 patients revealed an overall recanalization rate of 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 84 to 92%) when utilizing both MT and rescue therapy.14 However, it is worth noting that the studies included in the meta-analysis exhibited moderate to high heterogeneity and encompassed a wide array of technologies spanning from 2008 to 2018.
The Tigertriever achieved a first pass effect rate of (46.8%) in these challenging occlusions. The Tigertriever device has unique features that may contribute to its higher efficacy in patients with underlying ICAD. In contrast to most stentrievers, the Tigertriever does not fully deploy on unsheathing, allowing the operator to precisely position the device through subtle movements of the pusher.4 23 This distinctive feature enables repetitive expansion and constriction, facilitating the incorporation of clots into the device while simultaneously performing ‘stentplasty’. Notably, some studies suggest that patients with LVO and underlying ICAD may benefit from early angioplasty rather than delayed angioplasty after multiple passes with the stent retriever.20 The observed high first pass effect described in this sub-analysis may be attributed to the ability to perform stentplasty during the initial pass. In a recent study by Li et al conducted in China, involving 184 patients, better 90-day outcomes were reported in patients who underwent rescue therapy compared with those treated solely with MT (mRS 0–2: 51% vs 35%). Furthermore, the rate of 24-hour re-occlusion was lower in the group that received rescue therapy (4% vs 22%). Most patients treated with rescue therapy received a tirofiban infusion (82% vs 46%), which was associated with a higher risk of hemorrhagic transformation (ICH at 24 hours was 39% vs 30%).24 None of the patients in the Tigertriever study received tirofiban, and no re-occlusions at 24 hours were observed, probably due to the more durable effect of stentplasty exerted by Tigertriever. Moreover, no significant hemorrhagic complications or device-specific complications were observed. This is consistent with other studies with the Tigertriever device.4 One advantage of the Tigertriever device is the radiopacity of its wires, enabling visualization of the device at the time of unsheathing and during stentplasty.4 The position and expansion of the Tigertriever can be monitored at all times during the procedure, adding an extra layer of safety during MT. The protocol used during the TIGER trial suggested that after expanding the device in a control manner, the device can be relaxed and retrieved after approximately 2 minutes. As the operators gained experience with the device, it was recommended to “massage” the clot with repetitive expansions and relaxations of the device.
Two Tigertriever device versions were available in the TIGER study: the standard Tigertriever, which can expand up to 6 mm, and the Tigertriever 17, which can expand up to 3 mm.4 6 In our study, the diameter of the vessel at the site of occlusion was 1.5±0.73 mm. Notably, we observed a significant increase in diameter at the occlusion site after stentplasty with the Tigertriever device (p<0.01). This can be attributed to the high radial force generated by the device at the time of stentplasty.10 The Tigertriever device allows the operator to exert pressure on the vessel wall using the slider mechanism, resulting in a substantial radial force being applied to the vessel wall (figure 2).4 In vitro testing has shown that the Tigertriever device exhibits a radial force two orders of magnitude higher than self-expanding stentrievers (online supplemental figure 3), but lower than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty balloons (online supplemental figure 4). This effect may explain the high first pass effect and successful recanalization rate achieved by the Tigertriever device. Patients with underlying ICAD exhibit a higher rate of re-occlusion after recanalization, which can occur in up to 65% of cases.25 These patients often require additional passes and potential angioplasty. A possible trade-off of the higher radial force of the Tigertriever is the increased risk of vasospasm, which was noted in several angiograms of the study.
The higher first pass and successful reperfusion rates achieved with the Tigertriever device in patients with underlying ICAD are likely to result in a shorter overall procedure time, a shorter time from puncture to reperfusion and better clinical outcomes.26 In this sub-analysis of patients with underlying ICAD, the median time from puncture to successful reperfusion was 22 minutes, with a range of 13.5–26.5 minutes. The puncture to reperfusion time of the original Tigertriever trial was 24 minutes (range: 16–38 minutes).5 Other studies have reported longer procedural times (table 2).
Tigertriever compared with other devices in the treatment of patients with LVO and underlying ICAD
Our study has some limitations, first, most of the patients included in this cohort had occlusions in the anterior circulation, with only one patient having an occlusion in the basilar artery. Therefore, further studies are warranted to assess the safety and effectiveness of the Tigertriever device in posterior circulation occlusions due to underlying ICAD. Second, although the adjudication of underlying ICAD was performed with strict imaging criteria by a core laboratory, there is always the risk of overestimating or underestimating the prevalence of ICAD. Third, the study sample is relatively small, however it is part of the large prospectively acquired dataset of the TIGER trial. Lastly, the absence of follow-up images makes it challenging to accurately estimate the final effect of “stentplasty” in the underlying atherosclerotic plaque.
Conclusion
MT with the Tigertriever device for LVO patients with underlying ICAD is safe. This device provides a higher rate of successful reperfusion compared with historical studies that utilized other MT devices. Additionally, the puncture to reperfusion time was shorter with the Tigertriever device. This preliminary analysis suggests that the Tigertriever device may be effective in patients with AIS attributed to underlying ICAD.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
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Footnotes
X @mo_majali91, @CerebrovascLab, @esamaniego
Correction notice Since first publication, David S Liebeskind has been added as an author.
Contributors DJO: data collection and manuscript drafting. MG: data collection and manuscript drafting. SS: data collection and manuscript drafting. MA: data collection. PK: data collection. JLS: data collection. RG: data collection. SO-G: data collection. EAS: conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and revising the article. Guarantor of the study.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests Dr Samaniego is a consultant for Rapid Medical.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.