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Abstract
Objective To investigate the safety of triple antiplatelet therapy (TAT) with cilostazol in patients undergoing stenting for extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenosis.
Methods A prospectively collected database was reviewed to identify patients who underwent stenting for extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenosis and showed resistance to aspirin and/or clopidogrel as assessed by pre-stenting thromboelastography (TEG) testing. Patients were assigned to a TAT group and a dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) group. Major complications were defined as thromboembolic events (transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, and stent thrombosis) or major bleeding events within 30 days, and minor complications were defined as extracranial bleeding that did not require vascular surgery or transfusion within 30 days.
Results A total of 183 patients were identified. The incidence of major complications was significantly lower in the TAT group than in the DAT group (TAT group vs. DAT group, 1/110 vs. 6/73; P=0.017). TIAs occurred in four patients, with one in the TAT group and three in the DAT group (1/110 vs. 3/73; P=0.303). Ischemic strokes occurred in three patients in the DAT group (TAT group vs. DAT group, P=0.062). No major bleeding events or stent thrombosis was recorded in either group. Two patients (one in each group) experienced minor complications that resolved without additional treatment (1/110 vs. 1/73; P>0.999).
Conclusions TAT under TEG guidance appears to be a safe antiplatelet strategy in patients undergoing stenting for extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenosis. By employing TAT under TEG guidance, favorable outcomes can be achieved in these patients.
- thromboelastography
- antiplatelet therapy
- stent
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Introduction
Stent implantation for extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenosis is technically feasible but associated with high rates of periprocedural ischemic complications.1 2 Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT; aspirin plus clopidogrel) is a standard perioperative preparation for neurovascular stent placement to prevent thromboembolic events.3 4 However, the incidence of thromboembolic events remains unacceptable.5 In multiple studies on percutaneous coronary intervention, the occurrence of thromboembolic events is associated with resistance to antiplatelet drugs,6 7and triple antiplatelet therapy (TAT) with cilostazol is a safe and effective alternative.8 9 However, thus far, little information has been available regarding TAT in patients undergoing stenting for ischemic cerebrovascular disease, largely due to the perceived risk of increased bleeding complications, especially intracranial hemorrhage, when antithrombotic effects are intensified.
Some studies have reported the reliability and convenience of thromboelastography (TEG) in assessing platelet function.10 11 However, neurovascular stenting data are limited. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the safety of TAT under TEG guidance in patients undergoing extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenting.
Methods
Study population
Patients were selected from a prospectively maintained database at our center between January 2013 and June 2017. Patients who had undergone stenting for extracranial and/or intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis and showed resistance to aspirin and/or clopidogrel (reported by pre-stenting TEG) were eligible for inclusion in this study, whereas those who did not comply with our standard dual antiplatelet preparation were excluded. Figure 1 is a flowchart showing the process of patient selection. Informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force.
The flowchart summarizing the process of patient selection.
All procedures were performed by an experienced interventional neurointerventionist (WJJ), and all patients received strict perioperative management. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, site and number of stents, antiplatelet regimen, and thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications within 30 days after stenting were identified and recorded.
Medications and platelet function testing
All patients received the standard dual antiplatelet preparation (300 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel daily) for at least 5 days before the stenting procedure. Platelet function was tested by using a TEG Haemostasis System (Model YZ5000; Shanxi Yu Ze Yi Medical Co., Ltd., Shanxi, China) the day before the procedure. Two TEG parameters, arachidonic acid inhibition rate (AA%) and ADP inhibition rate (ADP%), were collected. An AA% less than 50% and an ADP% less than 50% were defined as resistance to aspirin and clopidogrel, respectively. Patients with aspirin and/or clopidogrel resistance were placed into the TAT or DAT groups, respectively, based on informed patient choice. Patients in the DAT group received 300 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel daily. Patients in the TAT group received 300 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel daily and 100 mg cilostazol twice daily: a dose of 200 mg cilostazol was administered at least 12 hours before stenting.
After discharge, the aspirin dose for all patients was changed to 100 mg daily. For patients in the TAT group, cilostazol was withdrawn 4 weeks after stenting. Three months after the procedure, a single antiplatelet agent (100 mg aspirin or 75 mg clopidogrel daily) was prescribed for each patient as a life-long maintenance therapy.
Intraoperative antithrombotic process
After placement of the guiding catheter, a bolus of heparin (3000 U) followed by an infusion of heparin at 800 U/hour was administered intravenously according to our previous protocol.12 After ruling out intracranial hemorrhage by a post-stenting CT scan of the brain, an intravenous infusion of heparin (500 U/hour) was continued, and low-molecular-weight heparin (5000 IU; Fragmin P forte 5000 IE; Pharmacia, Peapack, NJ) was administered subcutaneously every 12 hours for 3 days starting at 8 pm on the day of surgery. If acute stent thrombosis was confirmed during surgery or if subacute thrombosis was confirmed, tirofiban (Grand Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) was administered intravenously or intraarterially.
Major and minor complications
Major complications included thromboembolic or major bleeding events within 30 days. A thromboembolic event was defined as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, or stent thrombosis occurring in the region of the stented artery. A major bleeding event was defined as intracranial hemorrhage or extracranial bleeding requiring surgery or transfusion. Minor complications were defined as extracranial bleeding that did not require vascular surgery or transfusion. An emergent brain MRI scan was routinely performed if a new neurologic symptom developed after stenting. Two stroke neurologists blinded to the study evaluated and recorded the complications. Outpatient or telephone follow-up of all patients was performed at 30 days after hospital discharge, and the occurrence of adverse events was identified.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were compared using Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ±SD deviation (SD) or median and IQR according to the sample distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers (n) and percentage (%). Differences were considered statistically significant at Pvalues <0.05 (two-tailed). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 software (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY).
Results
Between January 2013 and June 2017, a total of 429 patients with extracranial and/or intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis were treated with a stent procedure: all complied with our standard dual antiplatelet preparation and completed TEG before stenting. As a result, 183 patients with resistance to aspirin and/or clopidogrel were enrolled in the study. The rates of resistance to aspirin, clopidogrel, or both as revealed by TEG were 5.1% (22/429), 40.6% (174/429), and 3.0% (13/429), respectively. Among the 183 patients who were ultimately enrolled, 110 (60.1%) received TAT (plus cilostazol 100 mg twice daily), while the remaining 73 (39.9%) received DAT. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups (table 1).
Baseline characteristics of the two study groups (TAT group and DAT group)
In the present study, seven thromboembolic events (four TIAs and three ischemic strokes) were recorded, and all occurred within 3 days after stenting. The rate of major complications was 0.9% (1/110) in the TAT group and 8.2% (6/73) in the DAT group (OR, 0.102; 95% CI, 0.012 to 0.870; P=0.017). One patient in the TAT group and three patients in the DAT group experienced TIAs (P=0.303). ischemic stroke, as demonstrated by MRI, occurred in three patients in the DAT group vs. none in the TAT group (TAT group vs. DAT group, P=0.062). No major bleeding events or stent thrombosis were recorded. Two patients (one in each group) experienced minor complications (gastrointestinal bleeding) that resolved without additional treatment (1/110 vs. 1/73; P>0.999). Table 2 shows the major and minor complications observed in the study.
Major and minor complications within 30 days (TAT vs DAT group)
Discussion
The results of this study show that TAT under TEG guidance is a safe antiplatelet strategy that can reduce periprocedural thromboembolic events without increasing bleeding events in patients undergoing extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenting. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the safety and efficacy of the periprocedural use of TAT in neurointervention. Furthermore, to our best knowledge, this study represents the first and largest case series regarding these types of patients and procedures.
There is evidence in the cardiovascular and neurovascular literature that antiplatelet resistance is closely associated with the occurrence of periprocedural thrombotic events.13–17 Some recent studies, especially on cardiovascular interventions, have reported modified antiplatelet strategies for addressing antiplatelet resistance. However, to date, there has been no consensus regarding the optimal treatment strategy. Increasing the dose of antiplatelet drugs may decrease antiplatelet resistance to some extent, however high doses are insufficient to prevent thromboembolic events18 19 and may lead to an increased risk of bleeding.19 20 Novel potent P2Y12 inhibitors, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, may represent promising choices for overcoming clopidogrel resistance, however whether the benefits of decreasing thromboembolic events can offset the risk of bleeding complications remains unclear.21 22 Other antiplatelet strategies, such as adding cilostazol to DAT (as in TAT), may provide an additional benefit: this strategy is a reportedly safe and effective antiplatelet regimen for cardiovascular interventions.17 23 24 However, because TAT might increase the risk for a major bleeding event (especially intracranial bleeding) while intensifying the antithrombotic effect, interventional neuroradiologists are hesitant to adopt TAT to manage antiplatelet resistance. Therefore, evaluating the safety of TAT in neurointervention is significant and useful.
The present study focused on the safety of TAT during the perioperative management of patients undergoing extracranial and/or intracranial artery stent implantation. Our results show that compared with the DAT group, the TAT group had a reduction in the rate of thromboembolic events without an increased risk of bleeding. This finding is consistent with large-scale clinical research on cardiovascular interventions.8 25 26 However, to our knowledge, only two studies have evaluated the clinical performance of TAT with the monitoring of platelet function testing (PFT) in neurointervention. One prospective randomized single-center study of stent-assisted coil embolization for unruptured intracranial aneurysms3 demonstrated that the group of patients who received a modified antiplatelet preparation (mainly with the addition of cilostazol) had a lower rate of thromboembolic events than did the group of patients who received the standard preparation (1.6% vs. 11.1%; P=0.02) without an increased risk of bleeding events. In another study involving patients with resistance to clopidogrel undergoing carotid artery stenting, TAT decreased the number of ischemic lesions detected by diffusion-weighted imaging (TAT group vs. DAT group; 9.1% vs 25%) without any increase in bleeding events.27
In our opinion, the following possible explanations may account for the absence of an overall increased risk of bleeding in the TAT group: the use of TEG guidance; the low bleeding risk associated with cilostazol as demonstrated by the Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study 2 (CSPS 2);28 the potential protective effects of cilostazol on endothelial cells and the blood-brain barrier;29 and the short-term duration of TAT. In the Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial, the rate of intracranial hemorrhage was 5.8% in the intervention cohort (a total of 224 patients) within 30 days, including seven parenchymal hemorrhages and six subarachnoid hemorrhages. In contrast, no intracranial hemorrhages were observed in the present study. Detailed analysis30 of the SAMMPRIS trial indicated that hemorrhagic stroke was associated with clopidogrel load, hyperperfusion injury, and operator experience, which is consistent with our efforts regarding stenting of cerebral artery stenosis. In the present study, we attribute our favorable results to the adoption of an appropriate antithrombotic therapy, strict perioperative management (eg, stroke risk factors and postprocedural blood pressure), a customized stenting procedure based on the characteristics of the target lesion (eg, plaque distribution and angulation), and the participation of an experienced neuroradiologist who had completed at least 600 intracranial and 2000 extracranial stent placement procedures between 2001 and 2013.
In most cardiovascular trials, an ADP% less than 30% as assessed by TEG is defined as clopidogrel resistance, nevertheless this issue remains somewhat controversial.17 31 Considering the potentially high rate of periprocedural thromboembolic events in the setting of extracranial and/or intracranial artery stent implantation and the low bleeding risk associated with cilostazol,28 a higher cut-off value of 50% was used to define clopidogrel resistance in this study. The higher cut-off value for ADP% did not lead to a high bleeding risk, which was similar to the results of a previous study.3 Hence, our data suggest that adopting this higher threshold for clopidogrel resistance in neurointervention is feasible and safe. Thus far, PFT has not been routinely used in neurointervention owing to the lack of a consensus on the optimal method and cut-off value. Nevertheless, if PFT is available, we recommend utilizing PFT before the procedure and then modifying the antiplatelet regimen based on its results. Furthermore, we advocate the collection and publication of data by all relevant centres to further our understanding of the role of PFT and PFT-guided antiplatelet regimens in neurointervention.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. First, this was a single-center, nonrandomized study, and the study population comprised Chinese patients only. Whether TAT under TEG guidance would have similar effects in other ethnic groups is uncertain. Second, a second TEG test was not performed after the addition of cilostazol. Third, silent infarction was not considered in this study because routine MRI evaluation was not performed after stent implantation. Fourth, not all possible factors associated with periprocedural complications could be considered. Finally, the sample size was not sufficiently large taking into account our relatively low rate of perioperative complications. A large multicenter, prospective, randomised controlled trial is necessary to further validate the present results.
Conclusion
TAT under TEG guidance is safe and can reduce the incidence thromboembolic events without a high risk of bleeding in patients undergoing stenting for extracranial and/or intracranial artery stenosis. Hence, we advocate the use of TAT under PFT guidance in these patients.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Li Xiang, Department of Record Room, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, 100088, China, for her help in providing data.
References
Footnotes
ZW and A-FL contributed equally.
Contributors W-JJ contributed the conception, design, data analysis, and manuscript revision. ZW and A-FL collected the data and drafted the manuscript. JZ and YZ: analyzed data and revised the manuscript. KW, CL, and HQ: reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee at the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.