Age | 1.01 (1.002 to 1.018)† | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01)† | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)† | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)† |
Sex |
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Male | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.59) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17) | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.50) | 1.27 (1.12 to 1.43) |
Race |
Black | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
White | 1.68 (1.21 to 2.33) | 1.23 (1.06 to 1.43) | 1.42 (0.99 to 2.03) | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) |
Other minorities | 1.76 (1.17 to 2.64) | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.09) | 2.16 (1.37 to 3.43) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33) |
Income quartile |
<25 000 | 1.28 (0.85 to 1.94) | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.90) | 0.79 (0.46 to 1.34) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.12) |
25 000 to 34 999 | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.11) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.12) | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.20) | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.01) |
35 000 to 44 999 | 0.77 (0.60 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.03) |
≥45 000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Healthcare coverage |
Private insurance | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Public | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.47) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.29) | 1.52 (1.21 to 1.91) | 1.41 (1.25 to 1.60) |
Self-pay | 0.80 (0.51 to 1.26) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.05) | 0.80 (1.41 to 1.59) | 0.91 (0.65 to 1.26) |
Charlson comorbidity score | 1.28 (1.12 to 1.45) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.25) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.91) |
Admission source |
ER | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Other facility | 1.66 (1.31 to 2.09) | 1.65 (1.47 to 1.86) | 2.41 (1.40 to 4.14) | 1.27 (0.91 to 1.76) |
Elective | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.83) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.57) | 1.56 (1.05 to 2.32) | 1.28 (1.03 to 1.58) |
Hospital location |
Northeast | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Midwest | 1.83 (1.31 to 2.56) | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.24) | 2.58 (1.89 to 3.52) | 1.44 (1.20 to 1.74) |
South | 1.51 (1.10 to 2.08) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.21) | 1.29 (0.95 to 1.75) | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.24) |
West | 1.63 (1.17 to 2.27) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 1.80 (1.31 to 2.47) | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.35) |
Hospital size |
Small | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.58) | 0.61 (0.46 to 0.81) | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.08) | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.45) |
Large | 2.24 (1.43 to 3.50) | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.11) | 2.41 (1.62 to 3.61) | 2.14 (1.72 to 2.67) |
Hospital type |
Non-teaching | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Teaching | 2.72 (2.02 to 3.66) | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.26) | 2.62 (1.90 to 3.61) | 1.44 (1.21 to 1.72) |