Patient and AVM characteristics and results of balloon-augmented Scepter embolization technique
| Patient/Tx | Bled | SM grade | Max size (cm) | Number of pedicles treated with Scepter | Fluoro time min | Amount of nidal reduction (%) | mRS pre | mRS post | Scepter- related complication | Reflux | Additional treatments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/1 | N | 3 | 6.2 | 2 | 67 | 25–49 | 1 | 3 | N | <5 mm | GK |
| 1/2 | 1 | 46 | 70–89 | N | N | ||||||
| 2/1 | Y | 2 | 1.7 | 1 | 41 | 25–49 | 5 | 3 | N | N | |
| 2/2 | 1 | 40 | 100 | Y* | N | RX | |||||
| 3 | N | 3 | 4.2 | 1 | 49 | 50–69 | 1 | 1 | Y† | Y? | GK |
| 4 | N | 4 | 4.7 | 5 | 57 | 50–69 | 1 | 1 | N | N | RX |
| 5 | N | 4 | 5.3 | 2 | 63 | <25 | 1 | 1 | N | N | GK |
| 6 | Y | 3 | 2.1 | 1 | 150 | 50–69 | 3 | 5 | N | N | RX |
| 7 | Y | 2 | 1.2 | 1 | 29 | 100 | 1 | N | N | None | |
| 8 | Y | 2 | 1.8 | 1 | 47 | 70–89 | 1 | 1 | N | N | RX |
| 9 | Y | 2 | 2.3 | 1 | 46 | 90–99 | 5 | 5 | N | N | RX |
| 10 | N | 2 | 4.9 | 2 | 58 | 70–89 | 0 | 0 | N | N | GK |
| 11 | N | 2 | 2.1 | 1 | 40 | 90–99 | 0 | 0 | N | N | RX |
| 12 | Y | 3 | 4.9 | 2 | 53 | 90–99 | 0 | 1 | N | <1 mm | None |
| 13 | N | 2 | 5.3 | 2 | 50 | 50–79 | 0 | 0 | N | N | None |
| 14 | N | 2 | 1.9 | 1 | 15 | 90–99 | 0 | 1 | N | N | RX |
| 15 | N | 3 | 2.9 | 1 | 25 | 70–89 | 0 | 1 | N | <5 mm | RX |
| 16 | N | 3 | 3.5 | 2 | 24 | 70–89 | 1 | 1 | N | N | RX |
| 17/1 | Y | 4 | 5.0 | 2 | 36 | 25–49 | 4 | 3 | N | <5 mm | |
| 17/2 | 2 | 40 | 70–89 | N‡ | N | ||||||
| 17/3 | 2 | 34 | 90–99 | N | N | RX | |||||
| 18 | Y | 3 | 3.5 | 1 | 90–99 | 5 | 1 | N | N | RX | |
| 19 | Y | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 48.5 | 100 | 4 | 1 | N | N | RX |
| 20 | Y | 2 | 1.1 | 1 | 90–99 | 2 | 2 | N | N | RX |
*Rupture of feeding artery upon inflation of balloon.
†Difficult removal and fracture of balloon catheter-Neuroform stent to tack down.
‡Indirect reflux and difficult removal with transient 3rd nerve paresis not directly attributable to Scepter device.
AVM, arteriovenous malformation; Fluoro, fluoroscopic; GK, gamma knife radiosurgery or other radiosurgery; Max, maximum; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; RX, resection; SM, Spetzler–Martin; Tx, treatment.