Clinical features | Imaging | Type | Jugular vein status | Outcome | Follow-up* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonates | ||||||
1 | FD | PAH | Choroidal | Patent | Improved | 7 |
2 | CHF | CD | Mural | Patent | Improved | 8 |
3 | CHF | CD | Choroidal | Patent | Died | 1 day |
4 | CHF | H, WM | Mural | Patent | Died | 8 days |
5 | FD | MB | Choroidal | Atresia | Died | 2 days |
Infants | ||||||
6 | CHF | H | Mural | Patent | Improved | 120 |
7 | MC, DD | H | Mural | Patent | Improved | 24 |
8 | MC | H, AT | Mural | Stenosis | Improved | 36 |
9 | MC, DD, Sz | H, AT, SC | Mural | Stenosis | Deteriorated | 84 |
10 | MC, Sz | H | Mural | Stenosis | Improved | 12 |
11 | DD, Sz | H, WM | Mural | Atresia | Deteriorated | 18 |
12 | DD, Sz | H, BC | Choroidal | Atresia | Deteriorated | 7 |
13 | MC | H | Choroidal | Patent | Stable | 6 |
14 | MC, DD | H, AT | Mural | Patent | Improved | 6 |
15 | MC, DD, Sz | H, SC, WM | Choroidal | Atresia | Deteriorated | 6 |
16 | MC, DD, Sz | H, AT, WM | Choroidal | Atresia | Deteriorated | 12 |
Children | ||||||
17 | HA, V | H, IVH | Choroidal | Patent | Improved | 6 |
18 | Sz, DD | H, AT | Mural | Patent | Improved | 9 |
19 | HA, V, VL | H | Choroidal | Stenosis | Improved | 18 |
20 | E, P, FV | H | Mural | Stenosis | Improved | 6 |
21 | Sz, P, FV | H | Mural | Patent | Improved | 6 |
Adults | ||||||
22 | HA, FV | H, BC | Mural | Stenosis | Improved | 192 |
23 | HA | H | Choroidal | Patent | Died | 2 days |
*Follow-up is given in months unless specified otherwise.
AT, cerebral atrophy; BC, basal ganglia calcification; CD, cardiomegaly; CHF, congestive heart failure; DD, developmental delay; E, epistaxis; FD, feeding difficulty; FV, prominent facial veins; H, hydrocephalus; HA, headache; MB, melting brain; MC, macrocrania; P, proptosis; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; SC, subcortical calcification; Sz, seizure; V, vomiting; VL, visual loss; WM, cerebral white matter signal change.