Factor | Total | mRS 0–2 (n=26) | mRS 3–6 (n=124) | p Value |
Mean (SD) age, years | 51.8 (11.9) | 44.7 (10.6) | 53.3 (11.7) | 0.0006 |
Female, n (%) | 121/159 (76.1) | 20/26 (76.9) | 94/124 (75.8) | 0.904 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 79/103 (76.7) | 11/19 (57.9) | 62/75 (82.7) | 0.031 |
Smoker, n (%) | 71/100 (71.0) | 12/22 (54.6) | 56/73 (76.7) | 0.043 |
Hunt–Hess grade, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
1 | 2/156 (1.3) | 0/26 (0) | 2/121 (1.7) | |
2 | 57/156 (36.5) | 20/26 (76.9) | 31/121 (25.6) | |
3 | 51/156 (32.7) | 4/26 (15.4) | 45/121 (37.2) | |
4 | 32/156 (20.6) | 1/26 (3.9) | 30/121 (24.8) | |
5 | 14/156 (9.0) | 1/26 (3.9) | 13/121 (10.7) | |
Fisher grade, n (%) | 0.290 | |||
1 | 6/157 (3.8) | 1/26 (3.9) | 5/122 (4.1) | |
2 | 22/157 (14.0) | 6/26 (23.1) | 15/122 (12.3) | |
3 | 30/157 (19.1) | 6/26 (23.1) | 20/122 (16.4) | |
4 | 99/157 (63.1) | 13/26 (50.0) | 82/122 (67.2) | |
WFNS grade, n (%) | 0.016 | |||
1 | 50/128 (39.1) | 16/23 (69.6) | 32/98 (32.7) | |
2 | 35/128 (27.3) | 5/23 (21.7) | 27/98 (27.6) | |
3 | 10/128 (7.8) | 1/23 (4.4) | 8/98 (8.2) | |
4 | 19/128 (14.8) | 1/23 (4.4) | 18/98 (18.4) | |
5 | 14/128 (10.9) | 0/23 (0) | 13/98 (13.3) | |
Aneurysm location, n (%) | 0.908* 0.479† | |||
Anterior circulation | 90/159 (56.6) | 15/26 (57.7) | 70/124 (56.5) | |
Carotid terminus | 20/159 (12.6) | 6/26 (23.1) | 13/124 (10.5) | |
ACA | 3/159 (1.9) | 0/26 (0) | 3/124 (2.4) | |
MCA | 18/159 (11.3) | 2/26 (7.7) | 15/124 (12.1) | |
ACOM | 49/159 (30.8) | 7/26 (26.9) | 39/124 (31.5) | |
Posterior circulation | 69/159 (43.4) | 11/26 (42.3) | 54/124 (43.6) | |
PCOM | 40/159 (25.2) | 6/26 (23.1) | 31/124 (25.0) | |
PICA | 8/159 (5.0) | 0/26 (0) | 7/124 (5.7) | |
Basilar artery | 14/159 (8.8) | 4/26 (15.4) | 10/124 (8.1) | |
PCA | 2/159 (1.3) | 1/26 (3.9) | 1/124 (0.8) | |
VA | 4/159 (2.5) | 0/26 (0) | 4/124 (3.2) | |
SCA | 1/159 (0.6) | 0/26 (0) | 1/124 (0.8) | |
Aneurysm treatment modality, n (%) | 0.913 | |||
Microsurgery | 70/159 (44.0) | 11/26 (42.3) | 54/124 (43.6) | |
Endovascular | 69/159 (43.4) | 11/26 (42.3) | 54/124 (43.6) | |
Combined | 20/159 (12.6) | 4/26 (15.4) | 16/124 (12.9) | |
Mean (SD) time from SAH to vasospasm, days | 5.1 (3.0) | 5.6 (2.9) | 5.0 (3.0) | 0.3871 |
Distribution, n (%) | 0.441 | |||
Bilateral | 112/152 (73.7) | 17/25 (68.0) | 89/118 (75.8) | |
Unilateral | 40/152 (26.3) | 8/25 (32.0) | 29/118 (24.6) | |
Location, n (%) | 0.653 | |||
Anterior circulation | 59/138 (42.8) | 11/21 (52.4) | 46/110 (41.8) | |
Posterior circulation | 14/138 (10.1) | 2/21 (9.5) | 11/110 (10.0) | |
Both | 65/138 (47.1) | 8/21 (38.1) | 53/110 (48.2) | |
Severity, n (%) | 0.115 | |||
Mild | 31/151 (20.5) | 7/24 (29.2) | 22/118 (18.6) | |
IA infusion only | 25/94 (26.6) | 6/13 (46.2) | 19/81 (23.5) | |
Papaverine | 2/7 (28.6) | 0/1 (0) | 2/6 (33.3) | |
Verapamil | 23/87 (26.4) | 6/12 (50) | 17/75 (22.7) | |
Angioplasty only | 0/10 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 0/7 (0) | |
Combined | 4/38 (10.5) | 1/8 (12.5) | 3/30 (10) | |
Papaverine | 0/8 (0) | 0/1 (0) | 0/7 (0) | |
Verapamil | 4/30 (13.3) | 1/7 (14.3) | 3/23 (13) | |
Moderate | 51/151 (33.8) | 4/24 (16.7) | 45/118 (38.1) | |
IA infusion only | 40/94 (42.6) | 1/13 (7.7) | 39/81 (48.2) | |
Papaverine | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/1 (0) | 1/6 (16.7) | |
Verapamil | 39/87 (44.8) | 1/12 (8.3) | 38/75 (50.7) | |
Angioplasty only | 2/10 (20) | 2/3 (66.7) | 0/7 (0) | |
Combined | 7/38 (18.4) | 1/8 (12.5) | 6/30 (20) | |
Papaverine | 0/8 (0) | 0/1 (0) | 0/7 (0) | |
Verapamil | 7/30 (23.3) | 1/7 (14.3) | 6/23 (26.1) | |
Severe | 69/151 (45.7) | 13/24 (54.2) | 51/118 (43.2) | |
IA infusion only | 29/94 (30.9) | 6/13 (30.9) | 23/81 (28.4) | |
Papaverine | 4/7 (57.1) | 1/1 (100) | 3/6 (50) | |
Verapamil | 25/87 (28.7) | 5/12 (41.7) | 20/75 (26.7) | |
Angioplasty only | 8/10 (80) | 1/3 (33.3) | 7/7 (100) | |
Combined | 27/38 (71.1) | 6/8 (75) | 21/30 (70) | |
Papaverine | 8/8 (100) | 1/1 (100) | 7/7 (100) | |
Verapamil | 19/30 (63.3) | 5/7 (71.4) | 14/23 (60.9) | |
Vasospasm type, n (%) | 0.071 | |||
Symptomatic | 56/159 (35.2) | 13/26 (50.0) | 39/124 (31.5) | |
IA infusion only | 34/52 (65.4) | 8/13 (61.5) | 26/39 (66.7) | |
Angioplasty only | 3/52 (5.8) | 1/13 (7.7) | 2/39 (5.1) | |
Combined | 15/52 (28.9) | 4/13 (30.8) | 11/39 (28.2) | |
Radiographic | 103/159 (64.8) | 13/26 (50.0) | 85/124 (68.6) | |
IA infusion only | 66/98 (67.4) | 7/13 (53.9) | 59/85 (69.4) | |
Angioplasty only | 8/98 (8.2) | 2/13 (8.2) | 6/85 (7.1) | |
Combined | 24/98 (24.5) | 4/13 (30.8) | 20/85 (23.5) | |
IA infusion agent, n (%) | 0.685 | |||
Papaverine | 16/159 (10.1) | 2/26 (7.7) | 13/124 (10.5) | |
Verapamil | 132/159 (83.0) | 21/26 (80.8) | 103/124 (83.1) | |
None | 11/159 (6.9) | 3/26 (11.5) | 8/124 (6.5) | |
Angioplasty, n (%) | 53/159 (33.3) | 11/26 (42.3) | 39/124 (31.5) | 0.286 |
Vasospasm treatment, n (%) | 0.429 | |||
IA infusion only | 106/159 (66.7) | 15/26 (57.7) | 85/124 (68.6) | |
Angioplasty only | 11/159 (6.9) | 3/26 (11.5) | 8/124 (6.5) | |
Combined | 42/159 (26.4) | 8/26 (30.8) | 31/124 (25.0) | |
Reperfusion,‡ n (%) | 1.000 | |||
Success | 103/111 (92.8) | 20/21 (95.2) | 78/81 (96.3) | |
IA infusion only | 52/56 (92.9) | 10/11 (90.9) | 42/45 (93.3) | |
Papaverine | 7/7 (100) | 1/1 (100) | 6/6 (100) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | 349 (199) | 300 | 357 (217) | |
Verapamil | 45/49 (91.8) | 9/10 (90) | 36/39 (92.3) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | 21 (12) | 21 (16) | 21 (11) | |
Angioplasty only | 11/11 (100) | 3/3 (100) | 8/8 (100) | |
Combined | 35/35 (100) | 7/7 (100) | 28/28 (100) | |
Papaverine | 7/7 (100) | 0/0 (0) | 7/7 (100) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | 389 (210) | – | 389 (210) | |
Verapamil | 28/28 (100) | 7/7 (100) | 21/21 (100) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | 21 (6) | 23 (6) | 21 (8) | |
Failure | 8/111 (7.2) | 1/21 (0.8) | 3/81 (3.7) | |
IA infusion only | 4/56 (7.1) | 1/11 (9.1) | 3/45 (6.7) | |
Papaverine | 0/7 (0) | 0/1 (0) | 0/6 (0) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | – | – | – | |
Verapamil | 4/49 (8.2) | 1/10 (10) | 3/39 (7.7) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | 18 (8) | 8 | 23 (13) | |
Angioplasty only | 0/11 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 0/8 (0) | |
Combined | 0/35 (0) | 0/7 (0) | 0/28 (0) | |
Papaverine | 0/7 (0) | 0/0 (0) | 0/7 (0) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | – | – | – | |
Verapamil | 0/28 (0) | 0/7 (0) | 0/21 (0) | |
Mean (SD) dose, mg | – | – | – | |
Repeat treatment | 53/156 (34.0) | 11/26 (42.3) | 41/122 (33.6) | 0.399 |
Mean (SD) length of hospital stay, days | 25.4 (19.4) | 15.6 (5.6) | 27.5 (20.6) | 0.0042 |
*Anterior versus posterior circulation as independent variable.
†Specific aneurysm location as independent variable.
‡Success = ≥50% reversal of luminal stenosis, failure = <50% reversal of luminal stenosis.
§Data regarding functional outcome at discharge was available for 150/159 patients (94.3%).
ACA, anterior cerebral artery; ACOM, anterior communicating artery; IA, intra-arterial; MCA, middle cerebral artery; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; n, number; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; PCOM, posterior communicating artery; PICA, posterior inferior cerebellar artery; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SCA, superior cerebellar artery; VA, vertebral artery; WFNS, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.