Infection | Paranasal sinusitis Intracranial infections: abscess, meningitis |
Trauma | Head trauma, neurosurgical operations Internal jugular catheter |
Medical/surgical conditions | Dehydration Pregnancy and puerperium Coagulation disorders: factor V Leiden, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, antiphospholipid syndrome Hematologic disorders: polycythemia, sickle cell disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, polycythemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Malignancies, inflammatory bowel disease, nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, collagen vascular disease including systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener’s granulomatosis and Behçet syndrome Previous surgical procedures |
Medication | Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, L-asparagenase, corticosteroid |
Modified from Lee SK et al.22