Table 1

Summary of angiographic characteristics of HC-dAVF along with angiographic and clinical outcomes following TVCE with CBCT assistance

Patient numberCognard classificationVenous drainage pathways:

  1. Antegrade

  2. Retrograde

  3. C venous (CV) reflux

Venous drainage classification1 Dominant arterial supply:

  1. Ipsilateral

  2. Contralateral

Immediate post-TVCE DSA outcomeFollow-up MRA outcomeClinical outcome6-month MRSComplications related to TVCE
 12A+B

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: marginal sinus/sigmoid sinus/transverse sinuses

  3. CV reflux: cortical venous reflux

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP>OA >  MMA>VA >  ICA (MHT)

  2. Contralateral: ICA (MHT)

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 22A

  1. Antegrade: none

  2. Retrograde: IPS to cavernous sinus to ophthalmic/facial veins/internal cerebral vein*

  3. CV reflux: none

2

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT)>occipital >  VA (mastoid br), ICA (MHT).

  2. Contralateral: AP (NMT)

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 32A

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: IPS/SPS/cavernous sinus

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT)>OA (transosseous br)>MMA >  vertebrobasilar (AICA, PICA).

  2. Contralateral: AP (NMT)

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 42A

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: IPS

  3. CV reflux=None

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT)

  2. Contralateral: n

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 52A

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: SPS>cavernous sinus

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT) >OA (stylomastoid art)>MMA.

  2. Contralateral: clival branches of ECA

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 62A

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: IPS/marginal sinus

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP>posterior auricular, MMA>OA>  VA>ICA (MHT)

  2. Contralateral: OA

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 72B

  1. Antegrade:condylar veins to IJV

  2. Retrograde:sigmoid sinus*

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT)>OA (stylomastoid, trans-osseous branches)>ICA (MHT)

  2. Contralateral: AP

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 82A

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: IPS

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP>OA >  IMA>ICA (descending clival)

  2. Contralateral: AP>ICA (descending clival)

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
 92A

  1. Antegrade:condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Retrograde: IPS, cavernous sinus

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: occipital (VA origin)>AP (NMT)

  2. Contralateral: AP>ICA (lateral clival branch)

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionSymptom resolution0None
10 1

  1. Antegrade: condylar veins to IJV*

  2. Secondary=none

  3. CV reflux=none

1

  1. Ipsilateral: AP (NMT), OA, (stylomastoid art), VA (C1 branches), IMA, MHT

  2. Contralateral: AP (NMT), VA

Complete occlusionComplete occlusionTinnitus resolution. Partial resolution of hypoglossal nerve palsy1None

  • *Indicates dominant venous drainage pathway.

  • AP, ascending pharyngeal artery. NMT, neuromeningeal trunk. MMA, middle meningeal artery. OA, occipital artery. VA, vertebral artery. ICA, internal carotid artery. MHT, meningiohypophyseal trunk. IJV, internal jugular vein. IPS, inferior petrosal sinus. SPS, superior petrosal sinus.