Experiment setup and recanalization results for benchtop phantoms
| Study | Vascular bed | Fluid | Clots | Technique | Recanalization rate | Passes to recanalization | Distal embolization |
| Silicone | |||||||
| Tennuci et al 201112 | NA | Saline | Ovine blood | DA, SR | DA: 16%; SR: 22% | DA: 1.9, SR: 1.3 | 33% |
| Saleh et al 201213 | NA | Saline | Ovine blood | SR | 80%–90% | 1.6–2.1 | 37% |
| Chueh et al 201215 | NA | 40 vt% glycerin | Bovine blood + barium | DA, SR | DA: 83%, SR: 67%–100% | NA | Present |
| Chueh et al 201316 | ICA-MCA-ACA | 40 vt% glycerin | Hard: bovine blood + barium, soft: human blood | SR | ~100% | 1.1–1.5 | Present |
| Madjidyar et al 201517 | CCA-ICA-MCA-ACA | 40% vt glycerin | Human blood | SR, SR +A | 100% | SR: 4.5, SR +A: 2 | 98% |
| Fargen et al 201662 | ICA-MCA-ACA | Saline | NA | SR | 27%–80% | NA | 40% |
| van der Marel et al 201663 | CoW | Saline | Soft: human blood + barium, hard: bovine blood + barium | SR | NA | NA | Present |
| Chueh et al 201764 | ICA-MCA-ACA | Saline | Bovine blood + barium | SR, SR +A | 96% | Mostly single pass | Present |
| Larsen et al 201865 | NA | Saline | Human blood | SR | NA | NA | 100% |
| Madjidyar et al 202066 | NA | Saline | Red & white human emboli | DA, SR | ~100% | White emboli: 1, red emboli: 1–1.5 | 42% |
| Arslanian et al 201967 | CoW | Saline | Hard: bovine blood + fibrinogen, soft: bovine blood + barium | DA, SR | NA | NA | Present |
| Johnson et al 202068 | CoW | Saline | Ovine PRP + ovine bone | DA, SR | NA | NA | NA |
| Reddy et al 20208 | ICA-MCA-ACA | Saline | Human RBCs + plasma + barium | DA, SR+A | NA | 1.3–1.9 | Present |
| Direct 3D-printed | |||||||
| Mokin et al 201518 | CoW | 40 vt% glycerin | Swine blood + bovine fibrinogen | DA, SR, SR +A | DA: 100%; SR: 37%–55%; SR +A: 82% | NA | 37% |
| Mokin et al 201569 | CoW | NA | Swine blood + bovine fibrinogen | SR, SR +A | SR: 36%; SR +A: 91% | NA | 14% |
| Mokin et al 201670 | CoW | NA | Swine blood + bovine fibrinogen | SR | 45%–91% | NA | 16% |
| Fennell et al 201871 | CoW | Water | Ovine RBC + plasma | SR | 100% or 8% | 2.2 or 3 | 32% |
| Reddy et al 20208 | ICA-MCA-ACA | Saline | Elastic: human RBCs+ plasma, fragment-prone: human RBCs+ plasma + barium | DA, SR+A | NA | NA | Present |
| Glass | |||||||
| Wenger et al 201320 | NA | Water | Swine blood | SR | 85% | ~1.5 | 38% |
| Liu et al 2020, Reddy et al 20207 8 | ICA-MCA-ACA | Saline | Elastic: human RBCs + plasma, fragment-prone: human RBCs + plasma + barium | DA, SR+A | NA | NA | Present |
ACA, anterior commuting artery; CCA, common carotid artery; CoW, circle of Willis; DA, direct aspiration; ICA, internal carotid artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PRP, platelets-rich plasma; RBC, red blood cell; SR, stent retriever; SR+A, stent retriever with aspiration.