Total (n=114) | Micro-PMAVFs (n=58) | Macro-PMAVFs (n=56) | P value | |
Age of onset (median (IQR)) | 25.00 (6.00–37.25) | 33.50 (18.00–46.75) | 13.50 (3.00–28.50) | <0.001 |
Male (n (%)) | 72 (63.2) | 38 (65.5) | 34 (60.7) | 0.698 |
Segment (n (%)) | 0.809 | |||
Cervical | 22 (19.3) | 10 (17.2) | 12 (21.4) | |
Thoracic | 18 (15.8) | 10 (17.2) | 8 (14.3) | |
Thoracolumbar | 74 (64.9) | 38 (65.5) | 36 (64.3) | |
Acute onset (n (%)) | 61 (53.5) | 29 (50.0) | 32 (57.1) | 0.460 |
Diameter of shunt points (cm)(median (IQR)) | 1.00 (0.40–1.85) | 0.40 (0.20–0.70) | 2.75 (1.13–2.78) | <0.001 |
Diameter of main feeding artery (mm)(median (IQR)) | 1.20 (0.88–1.70) | 0.90 (0.60–1.20) | 1.60 (1.30–2.20) | <0.001 |
Diameter of main draining vein (mm)(median (IQR)) | 1.80 (1.00–2.80) | 1.10 (0.80–1.60) | 2.75 (1.85–3.38) | <0.001 |
History of acute onset or acute clinical deterioration (n (%)) | 0.058 | |||
Yes | 69 (60.5) | 30 (51.7) | 39 (69.6) | |
No | 45 (39.5) | 28 (48.3) | 17 (30.4) | |
Relationship between lesion and spinal cord (n (%)) | 0.359 | |||
Ventral | 40 (35.1) | 17 (29.3) | 23 (41.1) | |
Dorsal | 49 (43.0) | 26 (44.8) | 23 (41.1) | |
Lateral | 25 (21.9) | 15 (25.9) | 10 (17.9) | |
Poor drainage (n (%)) | 0.560 | |||
Yes | 74 (64.9) | 36 (62.1) | 38 (67.9) | |
No | 40 (35.1) | 22 (37.9) | 18 (32.1) | |
Observation period from onset to treatment (months) (median (IQR)) | 3.00 (1.00–24.00) | 3.00 (1.00–18.75) | 2.25 (1.00–45.00) | 0.379 |
Spinal function before treatment (n (%)) | 0.290 | |||
Slight disability | 42 (36.9) | 23 (39.7) | 19 (33.9) | |
Moderate disability | 39 (34.2) | 22 (37.9) | 17 (30.4) | |
Severe disability | 33 (28.9) | 13 (22.4) | 20 (35.7) | |
Dyskinesia (n (%)) | 0.237 | |||
Yes | 92 (80.7) | 44 (75.9) | 48 (85.7) | |
No | 22 (19.3) | 14 (24.1) | 8 (14.3) | |
Sensory disturbance (n (%)) | 0.844 | |||
Yes | 75 (65.8) | 39 (67.2) | 36 (64.3) | |
No | 39 (34.2) | 19 (32.8) | 20 (35.7) | |
Sphincter dysfunction (n (%)) | 0.849 | |||
Yes | 70 (61.4) | 35 (60.3) | 35 (62.5) | |
No | 44 (38.6) | 23 (39.7) | 21 (37.5) | |
Treatment method (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||
Embolization | 66 (57.9) | 24 (41.4) | 42 (75.0) | |
Microsurgery | 37 (32.5) | 29 (50.0) | 8 (14.3) | |
Combined treatment modalities | 11 (9.6) | 5 (8.6) | 6 (10.7) | |
Microsurgery (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 48 (42.1) | 34 (58.6) | 14 (25.0) | |
No | 66 (57.9) | 24 (41.4) | 42 (75.0) | |
Endovascular embolization (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 77 (67.5) | 29 (50.0) | 48 (85.7) | |
No | 37 (32.5) | 29 (50.0) | 8 (14.3) | |
Complete obliteration (n (%)) | 0.001 | |||
Yes | 84 (73.7) | 51 (87.9) | 33 (58.9) | |
No | 30 (26.3) | 7 (12.1) | 23 (41.1) | |
Follow-up period (months) (median (IQR)) | 49.40 (22.75–72.33) | 49.78 (21.84–69.46) | 47.20 (24.66–87.83) | 0.734 |
Spinal function at last follow-up (n (%)) | 0.315 | |||
Slight disability | 70 (61.4) | 35 (60.3) | 35 (62.5) | |
Moderate disability | 30 (26.3) | 18 (31.0) | 12 (21.4) | |
Severe disability | 14 (12.3) | 5 (8.6) | 9 (16.1) | |
Permanent complications (n (%)) | 1.000 | |||
Yes | 11 (9.6) | 6 (10.3) | 5 (8.9) | |
No | 103 (90.4) | 52 (89.7) | 51 (91.1) | |
Prognosis (n (%)) | 0.486 | |||
Favorable | 106 (93.0) | 55 (94.8) | 51 (91.1) | |
Poor | 8 (7.0) | 3 (5.2) | 5 (8.9) |
*Data in parentheses indicate % or range
PMAVFs, perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas.