Baseline characteristics of patients
| Characteristic | Control group (n=68) | Lidocaine group (n=68) | P value |
| Age, years | 42.2±15.1 | 45.9±15.7 | 0.54 |
| Male sex | 40 (58.8) | 43 (63.2) | 0.60 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1±2.8 | 23.7±2.3 | 0.16 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 15 (22.1) | 16 (23.5) | 0.84 |
| Diabetes | 7 (10.3) | 9 (13.2) | 0.60 |
| Bradycardia | 8 (11.7) | 7 (10.3) | 0.78 |
| History of cerebral hemorrhage | 22 (32.3) | 17 (25.0) | 0.34 |
| Protopathy | |||
| AVM | 32 (47.1) | 32 (47.1) | 1.00 |
| DAVF | 23 (33.8) | 23 (33.8) | 1.00 |
| CCF | 13 (19.1) | 13 (19.1) | 1.00 |
| Supplying vessels | |||
| Anterior cerebral artery | 8 (11.8) | 4 (5.9) | 0.36 |
| Middle cerebral artery | 10 (14.7) | 12 (17.6) | 0.64 |
| Posterior cerebral artery | 7 (10.3) | 6 (8.8) | 0.77 |
| Middle meningeal artery | 17 (25.0) | 16 (23.5) | 0.84 |
| Cavernous sinus | 8 (11.8) | 11 (16.2) | 0.46 |
| Ophthalmic artery | 3 (4.4) | 4 (5.9) | 1.00 |
| Other meningeal arteries | 5 (7.4) | 9 (13.2) | 0.26 |
| Other supplying vessels | 10 (14.7) | 6 (8.8) | 0.29 |
| Injected volume of Onyx (mL) | 2.1 (1.6–2.6) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 0.68 |
The data are presented as mean±SD for continuous variables, median (IQR) for abnormally distributed variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables.
AVM, arteriovenous malformation; BMI, body mass index; CCF, carotid–cavernous fistula; DAVF, dural arteriovenous fistula.