Treatment characteristics and outcome parameters
| Treatment characteristics | ||||||
| Number of treatments | 55 | |||||
| Treatments per DAVF | One treatment per DAVF 96.4% | Two treatments per DAVF 3.6% | ||||
| Formulation of Squid | Squid 12 32.7% | Squid 18 83.6% | Squid 18 LD 1.8% | |||
| Volume of Squid per embolization (mL) | 1.3±1.2 (0.1–7.5) | |||||
| Artery selected for embolization | Middle meningeal a 66.1% | Occipital a 14.3% | Ascending pharyngeal a 7.1% | Pial a 5.4% | Posterior meningeal a 3.6% | Superficial temporal a 3.6% |
| Microcatheter used for embolization | Marathon 61.1% | Scepter XC 13.9% | Apollo 11.1% | Sonic 5.6% | Others 8.3% | |
| Accessory devices | Balloon-assisted embolization 21.8% | Balloon-assisted protection* 5.5% | Coiling† 5.5% | |||
| Duration of the procedure (min) | 125±51 (40–235) | |||||
| Morbidity and adverse events‡ | |||||||
| mRS score at follow-up§ | 0 55.8% | 1 20.9% | 2 9.3% | 3 4.7% | 4 4.7% | 5 2.3% | 6 2.3% |
| Morbidity at 90 to 180 days§ | Overall rate of mRS score decline 7.0% | mRS score decline related to the procedure 2.3% | |||||
| Frequency of adverse events | Overall 18.2% | Intraprocedural 3.6% | Postprocedural 14.6% | ||||
| Specification of adverse events | Seizure 3.6% | Groin hematoma 3.6% | Pulmonary embolism 1.8% | Pneumonia 1.8% | |||
| Dissection 1.8% | Microcatheter rupture 1.8% | Visual disturbances 1.8% | Intracranial hemorrhage 1.8% | ||||
| Adverse event severity | Mild 5.5% | Moderate 7.3% | Severe 1.8% | Life-threatening 3.6% | |||
| Relatedness of adverse events | Not related to Squid 12.7% | Probably related to Squid 0% | Definitely related to Squid 5.5% | ||||
| Not related to procedure 5.5% | Probably related to procedure 1.8% | Definitely related to procedure 10.9% | |||||
| Not related to DAVF 7.3% | Probably related to DAVF 1.8% | Definitely related to DAVF 9.1% | |||||
| Treatment of adverse events | Medical 9.1% | Surgical 1.8% | Endovascular 3.6% | None 3.6% | |||
| Outcome of adverse events | Recovered w/o sequelae 12.7% | Recovered w/ sequelae 1.8% | Not yet recovered 1.8% | Death 1.8% | |||
| Degree of DAVF occlusion¶ | ||||
| Overall immediate occlusion rate | Complete occlusion 94.3% | Near-complete occlusion>90% 3.8% | Partial occlusion 50–90% 1.9% | Partial occlusion <50% 0% |
| Immediate occlusion rate using Squid only | Complete occlusion 92.5% | Near-complete occlusion>90% 3.8% | Partial occlusion 50–90% 1.9% | Partial occlusion <50% 1.9% |
| Final occlusion rate at 90 to 180 days** | Complete occlusion 93.2% | Near-complete occlusion>90% 2.3% | Partial occlusion 50–90% 2.3% | Partial occlusion <50% 2.3% |
*Protection of a healthy brain-supplying artery to avoid inadvertent embolization.
†Transvenous coiling of the draining vein (n=2) or pressure-cooker technique (n=1).
‡Relative frequencies indicated related to the number of treatments (n=55).
§Clinical follow-up was available for 43 patients.
¶Occlusion rates indicated related to the number of DAVFs (n=53).
**Imaging follow-up was available for 44 patients.
a, artery; DAVF, dural arteriovenous fistula; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.