Review ArticleTissue factor expression in blood cells
Section snippets
Tissue factor (TF) in monocytes
The classical concept of TF distribution has until quite recently been that TF is entirely localized in the extravascular system, i.e. the vessel wall prevents blood from contact with TF. Within the human blood, monocytes have been recognized as the only cell type that can be induced to synthesize TF de novo. Recently this has been challenged, first by the reports of TF associated with the neutrophils, and then by the reports of the presence of TF in platelets. Furthermore, circulating
Lack of tissue factor in granulocytes
In contrast to the reports of TF activity expression in human neutrophils and eosinophils [7], [8], [9], [10], we showed that human granulocytes, isolated from stimulated whole blood, contain very low levels of TF activity, whereas plated resting or LPS/PMA-stimulated granulocytes did not possess any TF activity or antigen [11]. This may suggest that granulocytes acquire TF but do not synthesize it themselves. Our data demonstrated that in experiments, when whole blood was reconstituted with
TF in microparticles
There have also been conflicting reports on TF associated with microparticles. Obviously TF-rich microparticles may be found in the circulation of patients with various diseases, e.g. severe septicaemia, unstable angina, etc [for review see 13) whereas the presence of TF associated with microparticles in the blood of healthy individuals may be questioned. We found that the TF activity of microparticles from non-stimulated blood was not detecable [4], [14]. Although microparticles from
TF expression in platelets?
The association of TF with platelets was first suggested in a study in which platelets were required for the rapid appearance of TF belonging to the blood, and platelet conjugates were identified as major sites of TF presentation in the blood [19]. An extension of this study revealed TF stored within α-granula and the open canalicular system of the platelets [20]. Following activation with either collagen or thrombin, TF activity was exposed on the platelet membrane. Recently, other reports
TF expression in endothelial cells (ECs)
A number of groups found TF in cultured human endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon perturbation [for review see 30]. It was demonstrated first that thrombin was an agonist of TF induction in HUVECs and later LPS, IL-1ß and TNFα were shown to induce TF in ECs. [for review see 31]. Until 1987 it had not been possible to identify TF localization in various tissues as generation of monospecific antibodies by using purified TF was not available. The new technique of affinity purifying TF as well as the
Conflict of interest
None.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grants from the Norwegian Research Council.
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