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Abstract
Background and purpose To report clinical and procedural outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients after endovascular treatment with the new thromboaspiration catheter AXS Catalyst 6.
Methods Patients with anterior and posterior circulation stroke were selected. Successful reperfusion defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score ≥2 b and 3-month functional independence defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 were the main efficacy outcomes. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were the main safety outcomes.
Results 107 patients were suitable for analysis. Mean age was 73.18±12.62 year and median baseline NIHSS was 17 (range: 3–32). The most frequent site of occlusion was the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (60.7%). 76.6% of patients were treated with AXS Catalyst 6 alone without the need for rescue devices or thromboaspiration catheters. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 84.1%, functional independence in 47.6%, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 3.7%, and mortality in 21.4%.
Conclusions Endovascular treatment with AXS Catalyst 6 proved to be safe, technically feasible, and effective. Comparison analyses with other devices for mechanical thrombectomy are needed.
- catheter
- device
- stroke
- thrombectomy
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Introduction
One of the main lessons we have learned from recent endovascular stroke trials is that type of neurothrombectomy device matters.1 In 2012 current generation devices, the so-called stentrievers, were developed. Two of them have been deeply investigated in randomized controlled trials and large registries: Solitaire FR Revascularization Device (ev3, Irvine, California) and Trevo Retriever (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, CA, USA).2–4 New systems for clot aspiration combined to direct aspiration first-pass technique (ADAPT)5 have been also examined such as the 6F SOFIA plus catheter (MicroVention, Tustin, CA, USA) and the X Penumbra ACE catheters (Penumbra Inc., Alameda, CA, USA).6 7 A new catheter, the AXS Catalyst 6 (Stryker Neurovascular, Mountain View, CA, USA) represents a distal access catheter, originally designed for facilitating fast revascularization with Trevo retriever, able to navigate tortuous anatomy due to a 14 cm distal zone combined with a supportive proximal shaft (figure 1). The aim of this study was to report procedural and clinical results of endovascular treatment of large vessel stroke (LVS) with the ADAPT technique by means of AXS Catalyst 6.
The AXS Catalyst 6 (Stryker Neurovascular, Mountain View, CA, USA) consists of a 14 cm distal zone combined with a supportive proximal shaft.
Materials and methods
Patients’ selection
Patients with LVS of anterior or posterior circulation treated with the ADAPT technique by means of AXS Catalyst 6 as first approach were collected from our prospective endovascular stroke registry. Inclusion criteria were: groin puncture within 8 hours from symptom onset; pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2; and available 3-month follow-up. When indicated, intravenous thrombolysis was administered within 4.5 hours of stroke onset and continued during endovascular procedure.8
Mechanical thrombectomy
Procedures were performed under conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Via transfemoral access, an 8 Fr long sheath (Neuron MAX 0.88 [Penumbra Inc., Alameda, CA, USA] or Infinity [Stryker Neurovascular, Mountain View, CA, USA]) was placed in the distal common carotid artery or in the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) of the affected side as distally as possible or in patent or larger vertebral artery in case of posterior circulation occlusion in order to achieve the most stable access. The AXS Catalyst 6 was then advanced to the site of occlusion mostly alone or over a 0.014 neurowire (Transend or Synchro2 [Stryker Neurovascular, Mountain View, CA, USA]), and, in case of tricky passage through the ophthalmic ICA over 0.021 or 0.027 microcatheters or by means of a dedicated coaxial Offset catheter (Stryker Neurovascular, Mountain View, CA, USA) developed to facilitate intermediate catheter ophthalmic passage. After the Catalyst 6 catheter was positioned with the catheter tip close to the proximal part of the thrombus, microwire and microcatheter were removed when possible and aspiration using a vacuum pump or a 20–60 mL syringe was started. As soon as no flow was noted within the aspiration system, the catheter was slowly advanced to ensure solid engagement with the thrombus and aspiration continued during Catalyst removal until blood was obtained in the aspiration line or total removal with additional aspiration from the long sheath in case of blood absence. In case of incomplete or failed revascularization, further attempts were repeated usually with the same Catalyst 6 and sometimes with different aspiration catheters (Penumbra catheters) or stentriever (Trevo or Revive) at the discretion of the operator.
Assessment of clinical and imaging outcomes
The main efficacy outcomes were successful reperfusion defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI)9 score ≥2b and 3-month functional independence defined as a mRS ≤2. The main safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) defined as an hemorrhage associated with an increase of at least 4 points in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)10 and mortality (mRS=6). Secondary outcomes included any intracranial bleeding, complete reperfusion (TICI=3), 24 hour clinical improvement defined as a reduction of at least 4 points in the NIHSS or an NIHSS of 0, 24 hours after symptom onset. The study was approved by the local ethical committee (15161/2016). Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their relatives.
Results
Based on inclusion criteria, we analyzed the period between the first and the last treatment with Catalyst 6 and available 3-month follow-up. From March 2016 through June 2017, out of 234 patients, 108 were treated with other devices as first approach, two were excluded because of hostile aortic arch anatomy and impossibility to reach the target vessel before any device was employed, and 17 missed 3-month follow-up leaving 107 patients for final analysis. Table 1 reports demographics and baseline characteristics.
Demographics and baseline clinical and imaging characteristics
Posterior circulation stroke accounted for 10% of the study population. Mean age was 73.18± 12.62 year, 57.9% were female, 42.1% were male and 96.1% had a pre-stroke mRS 0 or 1 indicating no previous disability. Median baseline NIHSS was 17 (range: 3–32). Intravenous thrombolysis was used in 67 (62.6%) patients (65 full-dose and two low-dose). The most frequent site of occlusion was the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (60.7%) while the most frequent stroke etiology resulted to be cardioembolic (57%). As shown in table 2 a small part of the study population was treated under general anesthesia (13%); 76.6% of patients were treated with AXS Catalyst 6 alone without the need for rescue devices or thromboaspiration catheters. Median procedural time (between groin puncture and reperfusion) and symptoms onset to reperfusion time of all 107 thrombectomy procedures were 40 (range: 10–148) and 272 (range: 109–540) minutes, respectively. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 84.1%, functional independence in 47.6%, sICH occurred in 3.7%, and mortality in 21.4%. When considering the 82 procedures performed with AXS Catalyst 6 alone the rate of successful reperfusion was 90.2%, functional independence was obtained in 52.4%, sICH occurred in 2.4%, and mortality in 13.4%. Procedural complications included a perforation in the distal MCA after employment of stentriever (3-month mRS=0) and a distal embolization treated with employment of 4 MAX penumbra catheter (3-month mRS=6).
Procedural characteristics and outcome data
Discussion
This is the first report of a large prospective series of patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy with the AXS Catalyst 6. The choice of this catheter was encouraged by its higher trackability and reduced costs when compared to other intermediate aspiration catheters and stentriever technology. This is of relevance also in light of the recent results of the Contact Aspiration vs Stent Retriever for Successful Revascularization (ASTER) study showing no differences in efficacy and safety outcomes between stentriever and contact-aspiration thrombectomy.11 Our data suggest that the AXS Catalyst 6 is technically feasible, safe, and effective. Median procedural time was 40 minutes which is similar to the time reported for Solitaire in the STRATIS Registry.4 Successful reperfusion was achieved in 84.1% in the overall study population and in 90.2% of patients treated with Catalyst 6 alone without additional use of other devices. These findings are remarkable when considering a rate of 25% of tandem occlusion in our sample which are known to be a tricky lesion to be managed.12 Functional independence after 3 months occurred in 47.6% of patients despite a mean age of 73 years, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 3.7%, and mortality was 21.4%. These findings are similar to another study investigating Sophia plus catheter in acute ischemic stroke treatment.6 Complications in our study were rare, with an arterial perforation (not related to Catalyst 6 but to add-on employment of stentriever) and a distal embolization.
Summary
AXS Catalyst 6 seems to be an efficient, safe, and technically feasible tool for mechanical thrombectomy. Further analyses comparing safety and efficacy outcomes and costs between Catalyst 6 and other thromboaspiration catheters or stentrievers seem to be worthwhile.
References
Footnotes
Contributors FS: conception of the work, acquisition and interpretation of data; drafting the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. EP: design of the work; drafting the work; revising the work for important intellectual content; final approval; accountable for all aspects. AD: acquisition and analysis of data; drafting the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. SM: conception of the work, acquisition and interpretation of data; final approval; accountable for all aspects. GK: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. FA: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. MP: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. VCA: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. FM: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. DM: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. DK: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. SF: acquisition and interpretation of data; revising the work; final approval; accountable for all aspects. MD: conception of the work, interpretation of data; revising the work for important intellectual content; final approval; accountable for all aspects. RG: design of the work; analysis and interpretation of data; revising the work for important intellectual content; final approval; accountable for all aspects.
Funding This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (RF-2013-02358679).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Local Ethics Committee.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement Reasearch data will be available for sharing on request in the respect of Local Ethic Committee rules.